tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84911170399673054162024-02-06T20:39:08.442-08:00Anatomy for MSPUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger84125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-49345309706423305212012-12-06T08:55:00.000-08:002012-12-06T08:55:56.201-08:00Epidemiology<b>Epi</b> means above, upon<br />
<b>demos</b> means people<br />
<b>logy</b> means knowledge<br />
<b>Definition:</b><br />
The study of distribution and determinants (risk factors) of health
related states or events in a specified population and the application
of this study is to control health problems is called as Epidemiology.<br />
It involves:<br />
a) Distribution of Disease<br />
b) Disease Frequency<br />
c) Determinants of Risk factors<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Types of Epidemiology</span></b><br />
<b>Descriptive epidemiology:</b><br />
The study of distribution of diseases in the society is called as descriptive epidemiology.<br />
<b>Analytical Epidemiology:</b><br />
The study of determinants of risk factors of disease is called as analytical epidemiology.<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Explanation</span></b><br />
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b>Disease Frequency:</b></div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
Epidemiology is the measurement of frequencies of diseases such as
disability and deaths and summarize this information in the form of
rates and ratios e.g. Prevalence (number of existing cases) rate,
Incidence (number of new cases) rate, Death rate, Morbidity (disease)
rate etc.</div>
<div style="margin: 0px;">
Rate and Ratio is the
basic measurements of epidemiology in the frequency of the diseases.
These rates are essential for comparing disease frequencies in different
population or sub groups of the same population.</div>
<b>Distribution of Diseases:</b><br />
An important function of the epidemiology is to study
these distribution patterns in various subgroups of the population by
time, place, person etc. i.e. epidemiologist examine whether there has
been an increase or decrease of disease over time spin. Whether there is
a high concentration of disease in one geographic area than in other.
Whether the disease occur more often in age related factors such as
male, female or children etc. Such type of study is called as
descriptive study.<br />
<b>Determinants of Disease:</b><br />
A
unique feature of epidemiology is to test etiological factors and
identifying the underlying cause. This require the epidemiological
principles and methods. Such type of study is called analytical study.
Such study helps in the causation of the underlying risk factors and
develop preventive measures and preventive programs for the promoting of
good health.<br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Difference between Epidemiological and Clinical medicine:</span></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
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<li>Epidemiology is the unit study in a defined population whereas clinical medicine is a case study.</li>
<li>In epidemiology, the epidemiologist is concerned with the disease in
the entire population whereas in clinical medicine individual patient
is treated.</li>
<li>Epidemiologist deals with the sick people as well as healthy people
whereas in clinical medicine the doctor deals with the sick people.</li>
<li>Epidemiologist goes to population and examine the patients whereas
in clinical medicine the patient comes to doctor for examination.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Finally it is concluded that epidemiology and
clinical medicine are not antagonizing each other but both are closed
related and co relevant with each other. Without epidemiologiist ,
doctor do nothing and vice versa.<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Approach of epidemiology:</span><br />
Asking question and comparison.<br />
<b>Asking question:</b><br />
Some of the question are as follows.<br />
What is the event?<br />
What is its magnitude?<br />
What did it happen?<br />
When did it happen?<br />
Who are affected?<br />
Why did it happen?<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Measurement in epidemiology</span><br />
The scope of measurement in epidemiology is very broad and give us
specific values for the specific measurements. These measurements are
the following.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Measurement of Mortality (death rate)</li>
<li>Measurement of Morbidity (disease cases)</li>
<li>Measurement of Disability </li>
<li>Measurement of specific infant Mortality</li>
<li>Measurement of presence, absence or distribution of the characteristics attribute of the disease</li>
<li>Measurement of medical needs, health care facilities, utilization of health services and other related events</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Tools of measurement</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Rate </li>
<li>Ratio</li>
<li>Proportion</li>
</ul>
<br />
Rate is the number of particular events in a
population during a given period of time e.g. crude rate, specific rate,
standard rate. Ratio is the comparison b/w the two or division of one
quantity by another quantity e.g. the sex of children attending an
immunization clinic male and female).<br />
n<br />
<b>Ratio, proportion, rate</b> = <u> x </u> × 10<br />
y
n<br />
<b>Rate</b> = <u>number of cases or events occurring during a given timeperiod </u> ×10 <br />
population at risk during the same time period<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Aims of epidemiology</span><br />
According to the international epidemiological association, epidemiologyhas the three main aims.<br />
<ul>
<li>To describe the destribution and magnitude of health and disease problems in human population.</li>
<li>To identify the risk factors in pathogenesis of disease.</li>
<li>To provide the data essential for planning, implementation and
evaluation of services for the prevention, control and treatment of
disease.</li>
</ul>
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These are the general applications of epidemiology. According to WHO, the ultimate aims of epidemiology are:<br />
<ul>
<li>To eliminate or reduce the health problems and its consequences.</li>
<li>To promote, protect and restore the health. </li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-11533114828011487602012-12-05T06:22:00.001-08:002012-12-06T03:35:11.228-08:00History of Community Medicine<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Origin of Community Medicine</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><u><b>Primitive Medicine:</b></u></li>
</ul>
The medicine which were used primarily by the Religious people etc.<br />
<ul>
<li><b><u>Indian Medicine:</u></b></li>
</ul>
<br />
It includes Homopathic and Unites<br />
<br />
<ul>
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<li><b><u>Egyptian Medicine:</u></b></li>
</ul>
These medicine were more technical and advanced.<br />
<ul>
<li><u><b>Chinese drugs:</b></u></li>
</ul>
They developed Immunization(Edward Jinner) for the first time.<br />
<ul>
<li><u><b>Roman Medicine:</b></u></li>
</ul>
They develop the units of drugs.<br />
<ul>
<li><u><b>Greek Medicine:</b></u></li>
</ul>
It involves the Medicine and health advancement.<br />
<ul>
<li><u><b>Birth of Community Medicine:</b></u></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Curative Medicine:</b> The medicine used for curing the disease.<br />
<b>Preventive Medicine (community medicine):</b> The medicine used for prevention from diseases.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-89835794139730046532012-12-04T06:18:00.000-08:002012-12-06T03:49:37.522-08:00Hypertension<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Definition:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
Sustained high blood pressure is known as hypertension.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood on the walls of the vessels. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Normal BP is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">120/80</b> mmhg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Hypertension BP > <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">130/90</b></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading2Char"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Grade 1 hypertension:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Also called Mild hypertension</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Systolic BP = 130-140 mmhg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diastolic BP = 85-90 mmhg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading2Char"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Grade 2 hypertension:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Also called Moderate hypertension</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Systolic BP = 140-160 mmhg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diastolic BP = 90-95 mmhg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading2Char"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Grade 3 hypertension:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Also called Severe hypertension</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Systolic BP = 160-180 mmhg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diastolic BP = 95-100 mmhg</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iv.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading2Char"><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Grade 4 hypertension:</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Also called Malignant hypertension</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Systolic BP >180mmhg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diastolic BP > 110mmhg</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Etiology:</span></span></span></u></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Primary /Essential/ Ideopathic Hypertension:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In
about 95% cases no cause of hypertension can be identified and the form
of hypertensionis called primary or essential hypertension.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Secondary hypertension:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In about 5% cases, cause of hypertension can be discovered and the form of hypertension is called secondary hypertension.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Causes of secondary hypertension:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Renal and renovascular diseases:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Chronic renal failure</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Glumerulonephritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Endocrine disease:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pheochromocytoma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cushing’s syndrome</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Conn’s syndrome</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drugs:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oral contraceptive containing estrogens, NSAIDs and sympathomimetic agents</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Alcohol consumption (chronic)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Coarctation of aorta ( localized narrowing of aorta)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pregnancy </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-32004675920927682152012-12-04T06:17:00.000-08:002012-12-06T03:49:26.296-08:00Myocardial infarction (MI)<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Definition:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The complete necrosis of the myocardium due to complete cessation (occlusion) of blood supply is called myocardial infarction.</span></div>
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<br />
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Etiology:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Atherosclerotic plaque (unstable)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Embolic occlusion of coronaries</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Severe and prolonged vasospasm </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drugs (Cocain and Amphetamine)</span></span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Clinical features:</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Symptoms:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Chest pain</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Severe and prolonged means more than 30 min not relieved with nitrates</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Left side of chest and then radiates to left arm to left arm or back or neck</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vomiting</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sweating</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Symptoms of heart failure in case of massive MI</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dizziness</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drowsiness</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Severe shortness of breath</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Unconsciousness (in some cases)</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Signs:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fist sign</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sweating/ diaphoresis</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vomiting</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BP will be either increased or decreased</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pulse: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tachycardia: Due to anxiety, low cardiac output or arrhythmias</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bradycardia: If there is inferior wall infarction</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Chest (pericardium) examination: </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Usually normal examination of the heart or having the following</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ventricular septal defect (VSD)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pain systolic murmur (PSM)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A soft first heart sound </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fourth heart sound</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Third heart sound reflects left ventricular dysfunction</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lungs:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Crepts at the bases of lungs</span></span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Investigation of MI:</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">ECG: </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ST segment elevation</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">May be tachycardia or bradycardia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">V3-V4 show anterior wall MI due to LAD involvement</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">II, III, aVF show inferior wall MI due to RCA involvement</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I, aVL show high lateral wall MI due to circumflex</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Cardiac enzymes: </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Troponin T and I are raised up to 2 weeks while CK-MB remains elevated up to 3 days. Creatine kinase (CK) has three isoenzymes.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CK-MB: present in heart </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CK-MM: present in skeletal muscle</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CK-BB: present in brain</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Echocardiography:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It asses the myocardial movements i.e. whether Hypokinetic or Akinetic (no movement)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It also asses the valves, whole function of the heart and aorta.</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Routine investigation:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CBC (Complete Blood Count)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">RBS (Random Blood Sugar)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Urea, creatinine</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Serum electrolytes (especially K) </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cardiac X-ray</span></span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Treatment:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">All
the patients with suspected myocardial infarction should be confined to
strict bed rest and admitted in hospital preferably in CCU.</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">General:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The aim of general treatment is to relieve the symptoms.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To relieve the pain, so strong analgesics especially opoid group (Morphine, codein) and anti-emetics (Gravinate) are used.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Complete bed rest for 24 hrs.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To treat other co-morbidities (diseases like HTN, DM)</span></span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Specific:</span></span></h3>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Antiplatelets:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Aspirin 300mg and clopidogril 300 mg are given as first (loading) dose then 75mg OD.</span></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Thrombolytics:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Streptokinase </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If once it is used then the patient become allergic to it</span></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Beta blockers: </span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Atenolol, Propranolol, Metaprolol (cardio selective)</span></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Nitrates:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Angised, isoket (nitroglycerine) should be given to relieve chest discomfort.</span></span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><i><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><u>ACE</u> inhibitors (Angiotensin Converting Enzymes): </span></span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">They
prevent or at least reduce the left ventricular dilatation and cardiac
failure following myocardial infarction. These are Ramipril and
Captopril (Tab. Capoten 25mg).</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-26587796887987172092012-12-04T06:16:00.000-08:002012-12-06T08:53:55.587-08:00Angina<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 15pt;">
<span style="color: #17365d; font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-large;">Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Acute coronary syndrome includes unstable Angina and Non ST segment Elevation MI.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Angina:</span></h1>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Definition:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
clinical state in which a person have chest pain mostly on the left
side with radiation to left arm and relieved within 30 minutes is called
Angina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Or</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
clinical syndrome characterized by chest pain occurring as a result of
decreased O2/ blood supply lasting within 30 minutes is called Angina.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Etiopathogenesis of Angina:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There is narrowing of the coronary arteries either by coronary vasospasm or by atherosclerosis (deposition of fats).</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Types of Angina:</span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Classical or exertional Angina:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
occurs due to increased myocardial oxygen during exertion or emotion in
a patient of narrow coronary arteries. In such angina the typical pain
is felt during exertion.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Decubitus Angina:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
is angina that occurs when the patient lies down. It is the pain in
chest during lying position usually present in case of cardiac failure.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">3.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Prinzmetal’s or variant Angina:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
is angina that occurs at rest due to coronary vasospasm. The
sympathetic overdrive (hyperactivity) causes the coronary vasospasm
which leads episodic reduction of myocardial blood supply.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">4.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Nocturnal Angina:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
is the angina that awakes the patient from sleep. It is chest pain at
night during sleep especially because of vivid dreams.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">5.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Unstable Angina:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
refers to angina of recent onset (less than one month), in which there
is severe pain in chest last more than 10 to 15 minutes but less than 30
minutes and there is associated nausea/vomiting.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">6.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Cardiac syndrome X:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There is a typical anginal pain with normal coronary arteries but there is some abnormality in the coronary microcirculation. </span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Risk factors of Angina:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Age:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> old age above 50 years</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Sex:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> male> female above 50 years</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Race:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> initially it was considered that rich people have greater chances of angina but now excluded</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Hypertension (HTN):</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> damaging the vessels</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Diabetes Mellitus (DM):</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> fat deposition</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Smoking:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> damage the endothelium of the vessels</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Obesity:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> hyperlipidemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading4Char"><b><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Family history:</span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> any angina in the family history</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Clinical features of Angina:</span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Symptoms:</span></h3>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">i.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Chest pain: </span></i></span></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pain may arise on the following sites. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Left shoulder</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Central chest </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Throat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Epigastrium (if lower part of heart is involved)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Middle or lower of sternum</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">ii.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Radiation of pain:</span></i></span></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pain can radiate to any dermatome from C8 to T4 including the following sites.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Left arm </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Whole of chest (right chest)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Back of intrascapular region</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Throat</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">iii.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Weakness </span></i></span></span></h4>
<br />
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">iv.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Nausea/ vomiting</span></i></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">v.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Dyspnea:</span></i></span></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Shortness of breath or abnormal awareness of respiration</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Signs:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading4Char"><b><i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Fist sign</span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">: clenching of chest by fist</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">ii.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Sweating</span></i></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">iii.</span></i><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Pale face</span></i></span></span></h4>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Investigations of Angina:</span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">A.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">ECG (ElectroCardioGraphy): </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">During pain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ECG shows T wave inversion. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Elevation of ST segment in Prinzmetal’s angina</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">B.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">ETT (Exercise Tolerance Test):</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Recording of ECG during exercise (on jogging machine) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ST segment depression and T wave inversion</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">C.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">ECHO cardiography:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It reveals the regional wall motion weakness. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It asses the function of heart, valves and great vessels</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">D.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Cardiac enzymes:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Troponin
I, troponin T and CK-MB are the enzymes normally present in the
myocardium called cardiac enzymes. In case of MI they are increased in
the blood but normal in Angina. </span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">E.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Coronary angiography:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In
this procedure, the coronary vessels are directly visualized in order
to know the location and severity of coronary artery stenosis.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Management of Angina:</span></h2>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Treatment of Acute attack:</span></h3>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Nitrates: </span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sublingual Nitrates (Angised) are given to relief the pain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The MOA of nitrates is coronary and peripheral vasodilatation leading to decrease afterload and preload.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Ca channel blockers:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Amlopdipine
(Norvasc 5mg) is used which block Ca channels leading to vasodilatation
mainly arterial thus decreasing workload on the heart.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Analgesics:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Opoid
analgesics (Morphine) along with (because of ‘vomiting’ side effect of
opoid analgesics) antiemetic are used for the relief of pain.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Prevention of further attacks:</span></h3>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Anti platelets:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Aspirin
and clopidogril (Noclot 75mg) are platelet-inhibiting agents preventing
coronary thrombosis that is responsible for unstable angina and MI. The
MOA is prevention of platelets adhesion with athero-sclerotic plaque
and so the further stenosis or narrowing is prevented.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Nitrates:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Oral nitrates like Cardnit tablets are given to the patient.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Beta blockers:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Atenolol,
propranolol, bisoprolol or metaprolol is used to reduce the myocardial
oxygen demand by reducing the heart rate, force of cardiac contraction
and therefore decreasing the cardiac output.</span></div>
<h4 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria;">Lipid lowering drugs:</span></i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rosuvastatin
(Rast) or Atorvastatin (Ator) is used to lower the lipid level in the
blood and thus preventing the further narrowing of the vessel.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Revascularization:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Indication
of revascularization in the form of either Angioplasty (PTCA) or Bypass
(CABG) is in Refractory Angina when the patient with unacceptable
symptoms despite of maximum tolerable medical therapy or patient with
left main coronary artery stenosis >50% with or without symptoms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA):</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> by the cardiologist</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">PTCA
is performed by passing a fine guide-wire with deflated balloon through
femoral artery, moved up to the diseased coronary artery. The balloon
is then positioned across the stenotic area and inflated under pressure
causing the dilatation of lumen. Now metallic stent is inserted that
significantly reduces the chances of restenosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">B.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="Heading3Char"><b><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG):</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> by the surgeon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
is a major surgical method in which narrowed segments of coronary
artery are bypasses using either free grafts of saphenous vein or the
patient’s internal mammary artery (long thoracic artery). Radial artery
graft is also commonly used now. Graft is sutured between aorta and
coronary arteries distal to the obstruction.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-23130746747185522942012-12-04T05:53:00.000-08:002012-12-06T03:50:43.784-08:00WHO (World Health Organization) 1948<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Objectives:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To strengthen the health services</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To promote standards of education, training and health related professions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To provide information, assistance and counsel in health fields</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To promote nutrition, housing sanitation, and other aspects of environmental health</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-75791439768285661562012-12-04T05:52:00.000-08:002012-12-06T03:51:14.673-08:00Basic terms of Community Medicine<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Infection:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
process of entry of microorganisms into human followed by their
multiplication and development within the human body is called
infection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Example: </span></i></span>colonization of staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx and skin. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Infestation:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is the state of having parasite in or on the body which includes arthropods or animal parasites.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For person or animal the lodgment, development and reproduction of some organisms on the surface of the body or on the clothes</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Host: </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions is called
host. The place in which the parasite attains maturity and passes sexual
stages is called primary host or definitive host.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Contagious disease:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A disease that is transmitted through contact is called contagious disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Example:</span></i></span> Scabies, STD, leprosy etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Communicable disease:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Any
illness due to specific infectious agent or its toxic products capable
of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to
animal or from the environment to man or animal is called communicable
disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Epidemic: </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Any
disease, injury or health related events occurring suddenly in members
clearly in excess of normal expectancy. It is increased level of
diseases in a specific area and population is called as epidemic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Endemic:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given
geographic area or population group is called endemic. It is the number
of constant disease people in the specific area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Pandemic:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">An
epidemic usually affecting a large proportion of the population and
occurring over a wide geographic area such as a section of nation, the
entire nation, a continent or the world is called pandemic. In short the
disease in the vast geographic area is termed as pandemic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Sporadic:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
cases occur irregularly, haphazardly time to time to time and generally
infrequently, showing a little or no connection with each other, nor a
recognizable common source of infection. The disease in the scattered
area of the country is called sporadic <span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">e.g.</span></i></span> polio, tetanus etc</span></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Exotic:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Diseases
which are imported to the country are called exotic. These are diseases
which are not present in that area but came from outside <span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">e.g.</span></i></span> Rabies in UK</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Zoonosis:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man is called zoonosis <span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">e.g.</span></i></span> rabies, anthrax, brucellosis etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Epizoonosis (epizootic):</span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">An outbreak (epidemic) of disease in animal population is called epizootic <span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">e.g.</span></i></span> influenza etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Epornthetic:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Outbreak of disease in birds is called Epornthetic e.g. bird flu</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Nosocomial infection:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
is hospital acquired infection originating in a patient while in a
hospital denoting a new disorder is called nosocomial infection <span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">e.g</span></i></span>. scabies, surgical wounds, hepatitis B, UTI etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Opportunistic infection:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
is infection by an organism that takes the opportunity provided by low
resistance or immunity to infect the and hence cause disease e.g. AIDS
by HIV</span></div>
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<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<i><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria;">Iatrogenic disease:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">These diseases are caused by the negligence of physicians or other health professionals.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-36748822357203073922012-12-04T05:47:00.002-08:002012-12-06T03:51:49.142-08:00Social sciences in community medicine<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The social sciences in community medicine discuss the following predisposing factors which affect health by different ways.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">i.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Current circumstances: </span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Income, family life, family crises, employment etc</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">ii.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Individual predisposing factors:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Accidents, chronic diseases (polio incidence), chronic disability, inheritance incidences, childhood nutrition</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">iii.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Ecological predisposing factors: </span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The environmental factors including the community values, life styles etc</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">iv.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Opportunities and situation:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">a.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Availability of health services</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">b.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Pathogen avoidness</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Education status</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">d.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drugs availability</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The factors which affect the predisposing factors of current circumstances and individual predisposing factors are given below. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Political status:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Demographic factors </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Economic factors </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Religious factors</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Education status etc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The factors which affect the ecological predisposing factors and opportunities are given as following.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Communication </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Migration</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Urbanization</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Life expectancy</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fertility (marriage partner)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Role of women (dominating role)</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Social sciences:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The branches of sciences that studies society and the relationship of individual within the society are called social sciences.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">v</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Economics: </span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Economics is a social science that analyzes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The word economics is derived from Greek Oikonomia (means laws or customs for household administration)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Economics
explain how economics work and how economical agents interact.
Economics analysis can be applied throughout the society such as in the
family, in health, politics, religion, business, finance, crime and
education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It plays a key role in health.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">v</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Anthropology:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Anthrop means man and logy means knowledge or study</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The study of social, physical and cultural history of man is called anthropology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is concerned with human in any society with all dimension of humanity. </span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Types of anthropology</span></h3>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Physical anthropology: </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
study of human evolution, growth, inheritance and human decay is called
physical anthropology. It is sometimes also called as biological
anthropology.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">ii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Social anthropology:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The study of development of various types of social life is called social anthropology.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
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<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">iii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Cultural anthropology:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
study of total way of life including ways of thinking, feeling and
action in the human culture is called cultural anthropology.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">iv.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Medical anthropology:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The study of cultural components in the way of etiology of health and disease is called medical anthropology.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">v.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Linguistic anthropology:</span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The study of variation in languages across time and space is called linguistic anthropology.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">v</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Political science:</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The system of laws and institutions which constitute the government of the society is called political science.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-46261024184715847172012-12-04T05:46:00.003-08:002012-12-06T08:54:34.099-08:00Incidence and Prevalence<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Incidence:</span></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Definition:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The number of new cases emerging in a specific period and area</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">OR </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The number of new cases occurring in a defined population during specific period of time</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Incidence= <u>Number of new cases of specific diseases (during a given time period </u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>× 1000</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Population at risk during the same interval</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Incidence demonstrates about:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">New cases of the diseases during a specified period of time in a specified population and area</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Incidence is not influenced by the duration of the disease</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The of incidence is restricted to only acute diseases</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Cumulative incidence:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">CI = <u>Number of disease people<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>× 100</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total number of healthy people</span></b></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Attack rate:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A.R. = <u>number of disease people<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>× 100</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Number of exposed people</span></b></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Prevalence: </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The number of existing cases occurring in a defined population during a specific period of time</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The term disease prevalence refers to all the existing cases in a specified area and in a specified time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Prevalence = <u>Total number of individuals having attribute or disease at a particular time</u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The population at risk of having the attribute or disease in a particular time </span></b></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Types of prevalence:</span></h2>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Point prevalence: specific to days, month, age or sex</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Period prevalence: specific to period of time such as from July 2010 to July 2011</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-28124811317555674132012-12-04T05:46:00.000-08:002012-12-06T08:54:59.310-08:00Health & Rural health<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">WHO definition:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Health is state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infinity.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Webster (epidemiologist) definition:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The condition of being sound in the body, mind or spirit especially freedom from physical disease or pain is called health.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Oxford definition:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Soundness of body or mind to that condition in which its functions is accurately performed is called health.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In recent years the WHO definition has been amplified to include the ability to live a socially and economic productive life.</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: #4f81bd 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding-bottom: 4pt; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 15pt;">
</div>
<div style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(79, 129, 189); border-style: none none solid; border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 15pt;">
<span style="color: #17365d; font-family: Cambria; font-size: x-large;">Rural health:</span></div>
</div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Rural area: </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
area where the health facilities are very uncommon and is located at
distance from urban areas is called rural area. Rural areas are
deficient of various types of health facilities and also associated with
many types of health problems. </span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Rural health problems:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lack of specialist (concern doctor)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lack of education</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lack of proper health care units</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Primary health care units: BHO’s and Dispensaries</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Secondary health care units: DHQ’s (District Head Quarter) hospital, THQ’s hospital</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Tertiary health care units: Teaching hospitals (KTH)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Low economic and social status</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lack of transport facilities for workers of public health in rural area</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Unemployment </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Absence of control on communicable diseases</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Physical environment (pollution by insecticides, pesticides etc) </span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: #4f81bd 1pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding-bottom: 4pt; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin: 0in 0in 15pt;">
<span style="color: #17365d; font-family: Cambria;">Health of the Nation:</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The health of the nation can be achieved by the following three ways.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Management</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Disease</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drugs</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Management:</span></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Hospitals:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
hospitals play a key role in health of the nation. It provides the
first aid in the form of medicine, vaccine and surgery etc.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">BHU’s: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The basic health unit is under the supervision of district health quarters. They are monitored by doctor and nurses etc.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Dispensary:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This is also under the control of district health unit providing all the necessary facilities to the public.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Disease:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The diseases whose treatments are funded by the government are the following.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">TB</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Polio</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Small pox </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Diabetes mellitus and HIV are now given preference in Pakistan.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Drugs:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Those medicines which are harmful for the health of the people are condemned to use e.g. Morphine and cocaine etc.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-51454396553853178842012-12-04T05:45:00.000-08:002012-12-06T08:55:23.494-08:00Demography & GOARN<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Definition: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The scientific study of human population is called demography.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Demography is concerned with the following human phenomenon:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Changes in population (growth or decline)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Composition of the population</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Distribution of the population</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It deals with the five demographic processes namely: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Fertility </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mortality</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Marriage </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Migration</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Social Mobility</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">These
above five processes are continuously are at work with in a population
determining population size, composition of the population and
distribution of population.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Demographic cycle:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">We have the following five demographic stages or cycles.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">a)</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">1<sup>st</sup></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> stage (high stationary):</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">This
stage is characterized by high birth rate and high death rate which
cancels each other and the population remains stationary.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">b)</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">2<sup>nd</sup></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> stage (early expanding):</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
death rate begins to decline while birth rate remains unchanged. It is
due to health promotion. Many countries in South Asia and Africa are in
this stage. Birth rate increased due to improve conditions.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">c)</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">3<sup>rd</sup></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> stage (late expanding):</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
death rate declines still further and the birth rate tends to fall. The
population continues to grow because birth exceeds death. China and
Singapore are experiences this stage.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">d)</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">4<sup>th</sup></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> stage (low stationary):</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The stage is characterized by a low birth rate and low death rate with the result that the population becomes low stationary.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">e)</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria;"><span style="font-size: medium;">5<sup>th</sup></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> stage (decline):</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
stage is characterized by a low birth rate and high death rate with
result of decrease or decline in population. This stage is found in
Germany and Hungry.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Objectives of demography:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some of the important objectives of demography are as follows.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The average size of the family would be reduced from 4-2 up to 3-2 children.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The birth rate per thousand populations should be reduced to 21-50.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The death rate per thousand populations would be reduced to 20-10.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iv.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The infant mortality rate would be reduced to 60 or less.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">v.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The effective couple protection rate would be raised to at least 60%.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
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<u><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #365f91;"><span style="font-family: Cambria;">GOARN:</span></span></span></u></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
stands for Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network. This network
constantly alerts the community to the threat of outbreaks and ready to
respond.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Objectives:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">i.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Combating the international spread of outbreaks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">ii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ensuring the appropriate technical assistance reaches affected states rapidly</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">iii.</span><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contributing to long term epidemic preparedness and capacity building</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The initial meeting of GOARN was held in Geneva in April 2000. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-40372691323285482232012-12-04T05:42:00.001-08:002012-12-06T08:56:33.091-08:00Community Medicine<b>Definition:</b><br />
Community medicine is the art and
science of promotion of health, disease prevention, disability
limitation and rehabilitation.<br />
It includes:<br />
Prevention of Disease<br />
Promotion of Health<br />
Limitation of Disability<br />
Rehabilitation<br />
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Community medicine is the branch of medicine which deals with
the health, disease and prevention of risk factors in the community.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-27664840473644819342012-12-04T05:28:00.002-08:002012-12-08T18:00:09.819-08:00Important Parasites<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Organism </span></h2>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Reservoir </span></h2>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Transmission </span></h2>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1pt solid; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><h2 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Pathology </span></h2>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Entameoba Histolytica</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Human</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contaminated environment</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Nil</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Intestinal
Amoebiasis (Diarrhea, Dysentery), Metastatic Amoebiasis, Cerebral
Amoebiasis, Pulmonary Amoebiasis, Splenic Amoebiasis</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Plasmodium </span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Female Anopheles</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Human</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mosquito bite,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Across placenta,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Blood transfusion,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I/V drugs</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Malaria </span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Giardia Lamblia</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Duodenum of Human</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal </span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Giardiasis => Diarrhea + Anemia</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Trichomonas Vaginalis</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Genital tract of humans, especially Female</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sexual Contact</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Trichomoniasis => Urethral + Vaginal Discharge, Itching, Dysuria</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Leishmania Donovani</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Human Reticuloendothelial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>system</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Female Sandfly</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Female Sandfly bite</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Leshmaniasis =>Cutaneneous, Visceral (Kala – azar)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Diphyllobothrium Latum</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Humans, Bears, Dogs, Cats</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Species of fishes</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Improper cooked infected fish</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Vit B<sub>12</sub> Malabsorption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Megaloblastic Anemia</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm)</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Human</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Muscles of Cattles</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Infected uncooked meat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">IBS type of symptoms </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Anemia</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 90.9pt;" valign="top" width="121"><h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Echinococcus Granulosus</span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0in 0pt; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">(Hydatid worm)</span></h3>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Definitive Host:</span></i></span> Dog, Wolf, Fox, Jackal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span class="MsoSubtleEmphasis"><i><span style="color: grey;">Intermediate Host:</span></i></span> Humans, Cattles, Horses</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal Route</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #ece9d8; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hydatid disease: Hydatid cysts in Liver , Lungs, Brain</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-85820035489989660372012-12-04T05:27:00.003-08:002012-12-08T18:00:44.812-08:00Plasmodium<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">There are four species of plasmodium (malarial parasite).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plasmodium Vivax</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plasmodium Malariae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plasmodium Ovale</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Plasmodium Falciparum</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Definitive host: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Female anopheles mosquito</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Intermediate host:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Human</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Life cycle in Human:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sporozoites
=> merozoites (in liver) => merozoites (in RBCs) => release of
merozoites due to the RBC rupture, merozoites infect other RBCs. Some
merozoites differentiate into gametocytes => gametocytes containing
red cells are sucked by female anopheles mosquito.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Clinical features:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">High Grade Fever</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Rigor and Chill</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sweating</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The episode may come after 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 hrs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cerebral Malaria can be caused by Plasmodium Falciparum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Black water syndrome is caused by Plasmodium Falciparum in which the patient has black urine due to hemolysis.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Treatment:</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chloroquine</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-49025660299807757292012-12-04T05:27:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:01:24.001-08:00Parasitology<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The science which deals with the study of parasite is called Parasitology.</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Parasite:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Any living organism which draws its food and shelter from another living organism and also harming the host is called parasite.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Ectoparasites: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The parasite which live on surface of the host body e.g. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">parasites such as lice, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">bed bugs, leech </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">and flies that live on the outer surface bodies. </span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Endoparasites:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The parasite which live inside the body of host e.g. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">parasites the infect the internals parts of the body, such as trypanosomes or Ascaris worms,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> bacteria, tape worms etc</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Temporary parasite:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The parasite which lives on surface or inside the host but for short period time is called temporary parasite. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Parasite that visits and leaves the host at intervals is also known </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">as Intermittent parasite. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Permanent parasite:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The parasite which lives on surface or inside the host but for indefinite period of time is called permanent parasite. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">It is a parasite that lives its whole life (hatching until death) in a<br />
single host but eggs or cyst is to be transferred to a new host before a second<br />
generation develops.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Facultative parasites:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An
organism that may survive and dwell in the absence of a host but that
occasionally infects a host organism is called facultative parasite. A
parasite that may survive in a free living state or may become parasitic
when the need arise is termed as facultative parasite e.g. lice and
worms etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Obligatory parasites:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
parasite that needs a host at some stages of its life cycle is called
obligatory parasite. It must live as parasite without parasitism it
cannot live.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Host: </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is the living organism that harbors the parasite. The organism in, or
on, which the parasite lives and causes harm is called host.</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Definitive Host:</span></h3>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is the host in which sexual development and multiplication of the
parasite takes place. It is the host in which adult form lives or sexual
reproduction of parasite takes place. The organism in which the adult
or sexually mature stage of the parasite lives is called definitive
host. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Example: Female Anopheles (Mosquito) for plasmodium (Malarial parasite).</span></div>
<h3 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: small;">Intermediate Host:</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
organism in which the parasite lives during a period of its development
only is called intermediate host. It is a host which harbors the larval
stages of the parasites.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Parasitism:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
this type of host – parasite relationship, the parasite derives benefit
and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Symbiosis:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is a type of host – parasite relationship in which the organisms live
and eat together and are mutually beneficial to each other. They are so
dependent upon each other that one cannot live without the help of the
other.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Commensalism:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a type of host – parasite relationship in which the parasite only derives benefit without causing injury to its host.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Infection:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When the parasite establishes itself within the host, it is termed infection.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Infestation:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The presence of animal parasites either on the skin (for example Ticks) or inside the body (for example tapeworms).</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Medically Important Parasites:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Entameoba Histolytica</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Plasmodium – Vivax, Ovale, Falciparum, Malariae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Toxoplasma Gondii</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Trichomonas Vaginalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Leishmania Donovani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Giardia Lamblia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Balantidium Coli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Diphyllobothrium Latum</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Taenia Saginata</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Echinococcus Granulosus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Hymenolepis Nana</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Ascaris</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Ancylostoma</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Enterobius</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Wuchereria Bancrofti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Loa Loa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Incocherea </span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Habitat:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A natural home or environment of parasite is called as habitat of parasite.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Reservoir:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
supply or source of parasite is term as reservoir of that parasite. The
starting point of the parasite is term as reservoir of that parasite.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Mode of transmission:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The route by which the parasite passes from the source or reservoir to the host is called as Mode of Transmission.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Presentations of parasitic infestation:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As most of the human parasites are intestinal, therefore the presentation are mainly intestinal which are as follow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Anorexia or eating all the time but not gaining weight</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Abdominal discomfort: dull to severe pain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dyspepsia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Presence of blood in stool</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Constipation and diarrhea or both alternatively</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Salivation at night etc</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Diagnosis of parasitic infestation:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Microscopy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Serology including CBC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Molecular diagnostics such as antigen detection and PCR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Radiology such as CT, MRI etc</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Stool culture</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-10815087466246678602012-12-04T05:26:00.001-08:002012-12-08T18:01:42.992-08:00Clostridium perfringes<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
are gram positive, rod shaped, and non capsulated and anaerobic spore
forming bacteria. It causes Gas gangrene and food poisoning. </span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxins:</span></h1>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The toxin causes gas gangrene.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No immunization is available against clostridium perfringes.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-20261901574682075972012-12-04T05:22:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:02:05.391-08:00Clostridium Tetani<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is gram positive, rod shaped, non capsulated anaerobic bacteria. This
tetanus bacilli is present in dust, garbage and horse dung</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxins:</span></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Tetanospasmin:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is a toxin produced by tetanus bacilli in an infected wound. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
toxin diffuses along nerves, causing paralysis (spastic) and may reach
the spinal cord and brain when it causes violent muscular spasm
(tetanus) and the condition of lockjaw. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
inhibits Ach release at NMJ and also inhibits the synthesis and release
of GABA in rest of the nervous system. All these causes spastic
paralysis, exaggerated reflexes and scissors or fits.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Immunization is available both Active (Anti – Tetanus Serum) and Passive (Tetanus Toxoids).</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-23415689791741549712012-12-04T05:21:00.002-08:002012-12-08T18:02:31.610-08:00Clostridium Botulinum<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is anaerobic, rod shaped, non capsulated gram positive bacterium. It
grows freely in badly preserved canned food and improper cooked food,
producing a toxin causing serious food poisoning (botulism).</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Toxins:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Botulinum toxin:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It strongly inhibits the Ach release at NMJ causing Flaccid paralysis. Sometime used for muscle spasm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No immunization is available against clostridium botulinum.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-78509815458460801332012-12-04T05:20:00.002-08:002012-12-08T18:03:07.000-08:00Escherichia Coli (E – coli)<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They are gram negative, rod shaped, capsulated and facultative anaerobe ( prefer oxygen rich condition for production of energy)</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Antigens:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">O – Antigen (somatic antigen):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Present in body</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">K – Antigen (capsular antigen):</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Present in capsule</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">H – Antigen (flagellar antigen):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Present in flagella</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxins:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Endotoxin: Present inside the body</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Exotoxin: Present in capsule</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Adhesion factor: Helps E – coli in adhesion</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enterotoxin: Cause problems in intestine</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Habitat: </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Part of normal flora present in intestine, contaminated food and water</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Mode of transmission:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal route</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Urethra
called as retrograde infection may ascend up to the kidney urethritis
cystic and polynephritis. This whole is called UTIs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mother to baby during child birth</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Pathologies:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">UTI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Traveler’s diarrhea (acquire during travel due to food poisoning)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dysentery (blood in faeces) </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Meningitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No immunity for E – coli infection (no vaccine)</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-27892330551863333402012-12-04T05:19:00.003-08:002012-12-08T18:03:25.899-08:00Neisseria Gonorrhea (gonococcus)<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They
are gram negative, diplococci and non capsulated aerobic bacteria. They
are present in pus cells of urethral and vaginal discharge.</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Common sites:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Human genital tract both male and female, eye, joints, throat, rectum and prostate</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It cause epididymitis, prostitis, urethritis, epididymo – orchitis, vaginitis, proctitis, uveitis and arthritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Gonococcal infection has history of unsafe sexual interaction, children after birth and adult after honeymoon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: eye infection in children due to passing of infant through infected birth canal.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No immunization is available.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-14500198740529521872012-12-04T05:19:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:03:43.173-08:00Neisseria meningitides (Meningococci)<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">They are gram negative, diplococci and capsulated.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Pathologies:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Meningitis</span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 27pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Immunization is available against some of the types.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-10235892975815696852012-12-04T05:17:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:04:12.896-08:00Salmonella<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is gram negative, rod shaped, capsulated and aerobic bacterium. </span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Habitat:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Normal flora of cattle</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contaminated food and water</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Mode of transmission:</span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some may act as a carrier (Human carriers)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal transmission</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Subtypes:</span></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Salmonella – Typhi</span></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Salmonella – Paratyphi</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Both the above types cause enteric fever (typhoid fever).</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Antigens:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Somatic antigen (O):</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Flagellar antigen (H):</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Capsular antigen (Vi Antigen):</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxins:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Endotoxin</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Pathology:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Enteric fever (typhoid fever)</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-54228314418718655432012-12-04T05:16:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:04:41.874-08:00Shigella<span style="font-family: Calibri;">They are gram negative, rod shaped, facultative anaerobe and non capsulated bacteria.</span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Habitat:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Contaminated water and food</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Mode of transmission:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orofaecal route</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Antigen:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Somatic antigen</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxins:</span></h1>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">·</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Shigella dysentrae toxin: </span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>This toxin causes bacillary dysentery.</span></div>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">·</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Exotoxin</span></span></h2>
<h2 style="margin: 10pt 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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<span style="color: #4f81bd;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: medium;">·</span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Endotoxin</span></span></h2>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Disease:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Shigellosis: An infestation of the digestive system by bacteria of genus shigella </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bacillary dysentery</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">No immunization after infection and no vaccine.</span>
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</script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-59792087234960163872012-12-04T05:15:00.000-08:002012-12-08T18:05:06.922-08:00Treponema pallidum<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">These are atypical spiral bacteria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">They can be detected by special procedure called as Dark Field Illumination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">These are microaerophillic organism because they can live in oxygen concentration 4 – 5 %.</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Habitat:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Human genital tract</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Transmission:</span></h1>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Sexual contact</span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 24pt 0in 0pt;">
<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Disease:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Syphilis: STD cause by T Pallidum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No immunity</span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No vaccine</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8491117039967305416.post-84970887154464953492012-12-04T05:14:00.002-08:002012-12-08T18:05:22.790-08:00Vibrio cholera<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">They are gram negative, non capsulated, rod shaped and aerobic bacteria. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Antigen:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">– Antigen (somatic):</span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Toxin:</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Cambria; font-size: medium;">Vibrio cholera Enterotoxin (Choleragen): </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It causes severe watery diarrhea.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">No immunity available for their infection and no vaccine.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Cambria; font-size: large;">Disease:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Cholera</span></div>
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